Neonatal Hypocalcemia: Common, Uncommon, and Rare Etiologies

Area of Science:

• Neonatalogy
• Pediatric Endocrinology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Neonatal calcium homeostasis involves the shift from placental to infant hormonal regulation.
• Hypocalcemia in newborns is categorized as early-onset (EOH) or late-onset (LOH) based on timing after birth.
• EOH is more frequent and often asymptomatic, while LOH is less common but more likely to cause symptoms.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes common, uncommon, and rare causes of neonatal hypocalcemia.
• It provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing these conditions.
• Focuses on etiologies of both early-onset and late-onset hypocalcemia.

Key Points:

• Early-onset hypocalcemia (EOH) occurs within 72 hours of birth.
• Late-onset hypocalcemia (LOH) occurs after 72 hours of birth.
• LOH is less common but presents with higher symptomatic rates.

Conclusions:

• Familiarity with diverse etiologies of EOH and LOH is essential for neonatal clinicians.
• Accurate diagnosis and management of neonatal hypocalcemia are critical.
• This review serves as a guide for preventing and treating neonatal hypocalcemia.