Calibration of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acid Uptake Rates by a Tube Passive Sampler in Water

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of 4000+ man-made compounds of great concern due to their environmental ubiquity and adverse effects. Despite a general interest, few reliable detection tools for integrative passive sampling of PFAS in water are available. A microporous polyethylene tube with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance sorbent could serve as a flow-resistant passive sampler for PFAS. The tube's sampling rate, Rs, was predicted based on either partitioning and diffusion, or solely diffusion. At 15 °C, the laboratory measured Rs for perfluorohexanoic acid of 100+/-81 mL day^-1 were better predicted by a partitioning and diffusion model (48+/-1.8 mL day^-1) across 10-60 cm s^-1 water flow speeds (15+/-4.2 mL day^-1 diffusion only). For perfluorohexane sulfonate, Rs at 15°C were similarly different (110+/-60 mL day^-1 measured, 120+/- 63 versus 12+/-3.4 mL day^-1 in respective models). Rs values from field deployments were in-between these estimates (46 +/-40 mL day^-1 for perfluorohexanoic acid). PFAS uptake was not different for previously biofouled membranes in the laboratory, suggesting the general applicability of the sampler in environmental conditions. This research demonstrates that the polyethylene tube's sampling rates are sensitive to the parameterization of the models used here and partitioning-derived values should be used.