Directed Functional Brain Connectivity is Altered in Sub-threshold Amyloid-β Accumulation in Cognitively Normal Individuals

Several studies have shown that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition below the clinically relevant cut-off levels is associated with subtle changes in cognitive function and increases the risk of developing future Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although functional MRI is sensitive to early alterations occurring during AD, sub-threshold changes in Aβ levels have not been linked to functional connectivity measures. This study aimed to apply directed functional connectivity to identify early changes in network function in cognitively unimpaired participants who, at baseline, exhibit Aβ accumulation below the clinically relevant threshold. To this end, we analyzed baseline functional MRI data from 113 cognitively unimpaired participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort who underwent at least one ¹⁸F-florbetapir-PET after the baseline scan. Using the longitudinal PET data, we classified these participants as Aβ negative (Aβ-) non-accumulators (n = 46) and Aβ- accumulators (n = 31). We also included 36 individuals who were amyloid-positive (Aβ+) at baseline and continued to accumulate Aβ (Aβ+ accumulators). For each participant, we calculated whole-brain directed functional connectivity networks using our own anti-symmetric correlation method and evaluated their global and nodal properties using measures of network segregation (clustering coefficient) and integration (global efficiency). When compared to Aβ- non-accumulators, the Aβ- accumulators showed lower global clustering coefficient. Moreover, the Aβ+ accumulator group exhibited reduced global efficiency and clustering coefficient, which at the nodal level mainly affected the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus. In Aβ- accumulators, global measures were associated with lower baseline regional PET uptake values, as well as higher scores on the Modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite. Our findings indicate that directed connectivity network properties are sensitive to subtle changes occurring in individuals who have not yet reached the threshold for Aβ positivity, which makes them a potentially viable marker to detect negative downstream effects of very early Aβ pathology.