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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Microorganisms play a crucial role in agriculture and the food industry, contributing to soil fertility, crop protection, and food production. Their functions range from nitrogen fixation and biopesticide production to fermentation and food preservation, making them indispensable to sustainable farming and food safety.Role in AgricultureNitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium (symbiotic) and Azotobacter (free-living), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen...
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiome Contributions to Health.

Tyler Reynolds1, Soroosh Noorbakhsh1, Randi Smith1

  • 1Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Surgical Infections
|April 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiome, crucial for health and immunity, can be disrupted by medical interventions. Understanding these changes in the skin, gut, and lungs is key to maintaining homeostasis.

Keywords:
antibiotic agentsinflammationmicrobemicrobiomesurgerysurgical site infection

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Human Health

Background:

  • The human body hosts a vast microbiome, essential for immune system development and overall homeostasis.
  • Previously sterile sites, like the lungs, harbor a diverse microbial community crucial for health.
  • Medical interventions can negatively impact the microbiome, leading to decreased diversity or pathogenic shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the normal microbiome composition in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs.
  • To describe the influence of these microbiomes on local and organismal health.
  • To examine how clinical care may disrupt the human microbiome.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on skin, gastrointestinal, and lung microbiomes.
  • Analysis of the impact of clinical conditions and interventions on microbial communities.
  • Comparative analysis of microbiome function in health and disease states.

Main Results:

  • A healthy microbiome is characterized by diversity and adaptive functions supporting host health.
  • Clinical interventions like anesthesia and surgery can maladaptively alter the microbiome.
  • Alterations range from reduced microbial diversity to the emergence of pathogenic bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • The human microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining health and immune function.
  • Medical interventions pose a risk to microbiome integrity across various body sites.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate negative impacts and preserve beneficial microbial communities.