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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
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Updated: Aug 4, 2025

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components
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Programmable mechanical devices through magnetically tunable bistable elements.

Aniket Pal1, Metin Sitti1,2,3

  • 1Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed magnetically tunable bistable elements for soft robots. This innovation allows dynamic control of mechanical instabilities, enabling advanced functionalities in soft systems.

Keywords:
bistabilitymechanical metamaterialsphysical intelligenceprogrammable materialstransition waves

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Robotics
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Bistable and multistable mechanisms are key for enhancing soft robots and mechanical systems.
  • Current bistable mechanisms lack dynamic tunability during operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a method for dynamically tuning bistable mechanical elements using external magnetic fields.
  • To enable programmable and reconfigurable functionalities in soft mechanical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Dispersing magnetically active microparticles into bistable elements.
  • Applying external magnetic fields to control element responses.
  • Experimental validation and numerical verification of magnetic field control.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated predictable and deterministic control of bistable elements via magnetic fields.
  • Induced bistability in monostable structures using magnetic fields.
  • Precisely controlled transition waves in multistable lattices.
  • Implemented magnetic field-controlled transistors and logic gates.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetically tunable bistable elements offer dynamic programming and tuning capabilities for soft systems.
  • This approach unlocks potential applications in soft robotic locomotion, sensing, mechanical computation, and reconfigurable devices.