Life Cycle Assessment of Coastal Enhanced Weathering for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air

Coastal enhanced weathering (CEW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach whereby crushed silicate minerals are spread in coastal zones to be naturally weathered by waves and tidal currents, releasing alkalinity and removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Olivine has been proposed as a candidate mineral due to its abundance and high CO₂ uptake potential. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of silt-sized (10 μm) olivine revealed that CEW's life-cycle carbon emissions and total environmental footprint, i.e., carbon and environmental penalty, amount to around 51 kg CO₂eq and 3.2 Ecopoint (Pt) units per tonne of captured atmospheric CO₂, respectively, and these will be recaptured within a few months. Smaller particle sizes dissolve and uptake atmospheric CO₂ even faster; however, their high carbon and environmental footprints (e.g., 223 kg CO₂eq and 10.6 Pt tCO₂^-1, respectively, for 1 μm olivine), engineering challenges in comminution and transportation, and possible environmental stresses (e.g., airborne and/or silt pollution) might restrict their applicability. Alternatively, larger particle sizes exhibit lower footprints (e.g., 14.2 kg CO₂eq tCO₂^-1 and 1.6 Pt tCO₂^-1, respectively, for 1000 μm olivine) and could be incorporated in coastal zone management schemes, thus possibly crediting CEW with avoided emissions. However, they dissolve much slower, requiring 5 and 37 years before the 1000 μm olivine becomes carbon and environmental net negative, respectively. The differences between the carbon and environmental penalties highlight the need for using multi-issue life cycle impact assessment methods rather than focusing on carbon balances alone. When CEW's full environmental profile was considered, it was identified that fossil fuel-dependent electricity for olivine comminution is the main environmental hotspot, followed by nickel releases, which may have a large impact on marine ecotoxicity. Results were also sensitive to transportation means and distance. Renewable energy and low-nickel olivine can minimize CEW's carbon and environmental profile.