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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Structural correlates of language processing in primary progressive aphasia.

Curtiss A Chapman1, Maryna Polyakova2,3, Karsten Mueller2

  • 1Lise Meitner Group for Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany.

Brain Communications
|April 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals shared and unique brain atrophy patterns in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants, linking them to language deficits. Findings highlight specific brain regions involved in language processing and potential targets for future PPA treatments.

Keywords:
cortical thicknesslanguageprimary progressive aphasiasemantics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) involves progressive language decline.
  • Previous studies on PPA brain structure-language behavior links were limited by sample size and scope.
  • Understanding PPA pathomechanisms requires detailed analysis of brain structure-behavior relationships across variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relationship between brain structure and language behavior in PPA.
  • To assess task-associated brain region atrophy across PPA variants.
  • To identify overlapping and variant-specific atrophy patterns in PPA.

Main Methods:

  • 118 PPA patients and 61 controls were analyzed using cortical thickness measurements.
  • Language abilities were assessed using the Boston naming test, Repeat and Point task, fluency tasks, and Aachen Aphasia Test.
  • Patients were classified into PPA variants based on established criteria.

Main Results:

  • Networks of language task-associated temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex were identified.
  • Overlapping atrophy was observed in the left temporal lobe, frontal gyri, supramarginal gyrus, and insula across variants.
  • Some language-associated regions showed no significant atrophy, suggesting future network disruption.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-variant atrophy suggests shared deficits, while unique atrophy indicates variant-specific deficits in PPA.
  • Identifying non-atrophied language regions offers insights into network disruption and task deficits.
  • These findings may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for PPA.