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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Non-coding RNAs regulating mitochondrial function in cardiovascular diseases.

Xiang Ao1,2, Wei Ding3, Xiaoge Li2

  • 1Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|April 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate mitochondrial function, impacting cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Understanding these mechanisms offers potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for heart conditions.

Keywords:
BiomarkerCardiovascular diseaseCircular RNAsLong non-coding RNAsMicroRNAsMitochondriaTherapeutic target

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global cause of death.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in CVD pathogenesis, but mechanisms are unclear.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging regulators in cardiovascular health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of ncRNA regulation of mitochondrial function in CVD.
  • To explore the role of ncRNAs in CVD progression.
  • To highlight the clinical potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CVD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on ncRNAs, mitochondrial function, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Analysis of studies investigating ncRNA impact on mitochondrial genes and pathways.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on ncRNA clinical applications in CVD.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, significantly influence mitochondrial function.
  • Dysregulation of specific ncRNAs contributes to the development and progression of various CVDs.
  • ncRNAs demonstrate potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CVD.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs play critical roles in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and are key players in CVD.
  • Targeting ncRNAs involved in mitochondrial dysfunction presents a promising avenue for CVD treatment.
  • Further research into ncRNA mechanisms can accelerate the development of novel CVD therapies.