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Related Concept Videos

Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

218
Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
218
Mechanical Characteristics of Steel01:18

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

621
The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used...
621
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

204
In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...
204
Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

889
The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
889
Fatigue Strength of Concrete01:22

Fatigue Strength of Concrete

232
Fatigue, in the context of materials science and engineering, refers to the weakening or failure of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads, even if these loads are below the strength limit of the material. Fatigue strength in concrete is a critical property that influences its durability and longevity. Concrete can fail in two ways due to fatigue. Static fatigue or creep rupture occurs under a constant load or one that increases slowly. The other failure mode is due to cyclical or...
232
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts01:15

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

221
In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution...
221

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Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode
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Fatigue State Characterization of Steel Pipes Using Ultrasonic Shear Waves.

Georgios Sarris, Stewart G Haslinger, Peter Huthwaite

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |April 4, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study validates that shear waves are more sensitive to fatigue zones than longitudinal waves. A new method using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for shear wave scanning effectively detects fatigue in steel pipes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Non-Destructive Testing
    • Ultrasonic Testing

    Background:

    • Ultrasonic wave speed reduction in fatigue zones is a known phenomenon.
    • Shear waves are more affected by fatigue than longitudinal waves.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for characterizing the fatigue state of steel pipes.
    • To validate the increased sensitivity of shear waves to fatigue.
    • To demonstrate the utility of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for shear wave C-scans.

    Main Methods:

    • Validation of shear wave sensitivity to fatigue using ultrasonic speed C-scans.
    • Comparison of longitudinal and shear wave propagation speeds in fatigued flat geometries.
    • Implementation and application of EMATs for shear wave C-scanning on pipe geometries.

    Main Results:

    • The change in ultrasonic wave speed was amplified using shear waves, aligning with theoretical predictions.
    • EMATs demonstrated repeatable C-scan capabilities for shear waves.
    • The developed shear wave scanning method successfully identified fatigue zones in steel pipes.

    Conclusions:

    • Shear wave ultrasonic testing, enhanced by EMATs, offers a viable method for detecting fatigue in steel pipes.
    • This technique is particularly suitable for inspecting the inner surfaces of nuclear industry components.
    • The study confirms the theoretical basis of shear wave sensitivity to material fatigue.