Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Physiological Theories: James-Lange Theory of Emotion01:16

Physiological Theories: James-Lange Theory of Emotion

776
The James-Lange theory of emotion, proposed by William James and Carl Lange in the late 19th century, asserts that emotions are the result of physiological reactions to external stimuli. Contrary to the traditional view, which suggests that emotions directly arise from the perception of stimuli, this theory proposes that emotions occur as a consequence of the body's responses to such stimuli. According to this framework, an emotional experience is a cognitive interpretation of physiological...
776
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

216
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
216
Physiology of Emotion01:20

Physiology of Emotion

1.1K
The physiology of emotions is a multifaceted process involving the autonomic nervous system, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This intricate interplay dictates how emotions manifest in the body and influence behavior.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotional responses by regulating involuntary physiological functions. It consists of two main components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system...
1.1K
Physiological Theories: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion01:22

Physiological Theories: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

681
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, proposed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, challenges the notion that emotions are solely the result of physiological responses. Instead, this theory suggests that emotional experiences and physiological arousal occur simultaneously but operate through independent mechanisms. This dual response is initiated by the brain, specifically by the thalamus, which plays a critical role in processing sensory information.
Upon perceiving a stimulus, such as a dangerous...
681
Emotional Expression01:26

Emotional Expression

315
Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
Universal Facial Expressions
Psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic...
315
Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

509
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
509

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Perioperative outcomes of neoadjuvant immunochemoradiotherapy versus immunochemotherapy followed by surgery in elderly patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Surgery·2026
Same author

Donkey Milk Exosomes Protect Against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Delivering Anti-Inflammatory miRNAs and Reshaping Gut Microbiota.

Journal of food science·2026
Same author

Uncovering the Hidden Risks: How PLA and PLGA Microplastics Disrupt Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same author

Glycosylation modulation as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders: The potential of Tanshinone IIA.

iScience·2026
Same author

Effect of Selenium-Enriched Donkey Milk on Lipid Metabolism Disorders Induced by a High-Fat Diet.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Polystyrene Microplastics and Lead Co-Exposure Disturbed Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice.

Metabolites·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention
05:36

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

7.6K

Brain Activation Differences of Six Basic Emotions Between 2D Screen and Virtual Reality Modalities.

Jialan Xie, Ping Lan, Shiyuan Wang

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |April 4, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    Virtual Reality (VR) 3D environments elicit stronger brain activation for basic emotions compared to traditional 2D screens. This study used electroencephalogram (EEG) to compare neural responses, finding significant differences and high classification accuracy between modalities.

    More Related Videos

    Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures
    07:09

    Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

    Published on: August 29, 2018

    12.8K
    Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition
    16:08

    Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

    Published on: February 1, 2012

    16.2K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

    Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention
    05:36

    Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

    Published on: November 16, 2017

    7.6K
    Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures
    07:09

    Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

    Published on: August 29, 2018

    12.8K
    Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition
    16:08

    Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

    Published on: February 1, 2012

    16.2K

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Psychology
    • Human-Computer Interaction

    Background:

    • The six basic emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, anger, disgust) are well-studied in 2D screen modalities.
    • Research in Virtual Reality (VR) 3D modality has primarily focused on the valence (positive/negative) of emotions, not discrete emotional responses.
    • Understanding neural correlates of emotions in immersive VR is crucial for developing effective applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if the six basic emotions exhibit stronger brain activation in VR 3D compared to Screen 2D modalities.
    • To compare electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral density (PSD) differences between VR 3D and Screen 2D during emotion induction.
    • To assess the feasibility of classifying discrete emotions based on brain activation patterns across modalities.

    Main Methods:

    • An emotion-induction experiment was conducted using VR 3D and Screen 2D videos presenting the six basic emotions.
    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded to measure brain activity during video exposure.
    • Power spectral density (PSD) analysis was performed to compare neural activation differences between the two modalities.

    Main Results:

    • Significant differences in brain activation were observed between VR 3D and Screen 2D modalities for all six basic emotions.
    • Happiness and surprise showed greater differences in alpha ($\alpha $) and gamma ($\gamma $) bands, while sadness, fear, disgust, and anger showed differences in alpha ($\alpha $) and theta ($\theta $) bands, primarily in frontal and occipital regions.
    • Classification accuracy for identifying emotions between modalities exceeded 85% using a subset of power features.

    Conclusions:

    • VR 3D modality elicits significantly greater brain activation for discrete emotional stimuli compared to Screen 2D modality.
    • Distinct patterns of neural activity in specific frequency bands ($\alpha $, $\gamma $, $\theta $) differentiate emotions across immersive and traditional visual environments.
    • These findings enhance our understanding of neural activity during discrete emotional tasks in VR and support its use for emotion research.