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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
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3D Visualisation of the Spine.

Scarlett O'Brien1,2, Nagy Darwish1,2

  • 1Spinal Trauma Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.

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Summary

3D spine visualization, using advanced imaging, 3D printing, and navigation, enhances surgical planning and patient outcomes. Understanding anatomy and biomechanics is crucial for spinal surgeons managing complex cases effectively.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery and Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging and Technology
  • Spinal Biomechanics

Background:

  • 3D spine visualization is essential for modern spinal surgery.
  • Radiological imaging (radiography, CT, MRI) provides foundational views.
  • Advancements in technology offer new approaches to spinal assessment and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted applications of 3D visualization in spinal surgery.
  • To detail the roles of radiological imaging, 3D printing, and navigation.
  • To emphasize the integration of anatomical and biomechanical knowledge with technological tools.

Main Methods:

  • Review of radiological imaging techniques (plain radiography, CT, MRI).
  • Discussion of 3D printing applications in pre-operative planning and custom implants.
  • Analysis of intraoperative navigation and robotics in spinal procedures.
  • Explanation of spinal anatomy, biomechanics, and injury classification.

Main Results:

  • 3D visualization aids in education, complex case planning, and creating patient-specific surgical guides and implants.
  • Intraoperative navigation and robotics offer benefits and challenges in spinal surgery.
  • Understanding spinal motion segments and injury stability is critical for surgical decision-making.
  • Clinical cases demonstrate the practical application of 3D visualization and surgical principles.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating advanced 3D visualization, imaging, 3D printing, and navigation improves spinal surgery.
  • A strong foundation in spinal anatomy and biomechanics is indispensable for surgeons.
  • Continued technological advancements in 3D spine visualization promise further improvements in patient outcomes.