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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Meiosis II02:02

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
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Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

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Double-checking chromosome segregation.

Helder Maiato1,2,3, Sónia Silva1,2

  • 1Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|April 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromosome segregation errors can threaten genomic stability, but most are corrected before causing aneuploidy or micronuclei. This review explores how cells surveil, correct, and clear these errors to maintain genome integrity.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
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Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Chromosome segregation errors can lead to aneuploidy and micronuclei, implicated in cancer and congenital disorders.
  • The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is traditionally considered the primary safeguard against segregation errors.
  • However, many errors arising from faulty kinetochore-microtubule attachments can bypass the SAC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the origins and resolution of chromosome segregation errors that satisfy the SAC.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms cells employ to correct and eliminate these errors.
  • To highlight pathways that preserve genomic stability despite segregation errors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on chromosome segregation.
  • Analysis of surveillance, correction, and clearance mechanisms.
  • Discussion of error fate and genomic stability implications.

Main Results:

  • Most chromosome segregation errors that initially satisfy the SAC are corrected during anaphase.
  • Errors rarely progress to aneuploidy or micronuclei formation.
  • Cells possess robust mechanisms to prevent the transmission of segregation errors.

Conclusions:

  • The SAC is not the sole guardian; additional error correction pathways are critical.
  • Understanding these correction and clearance mechanisms is key to preventing genomic instability.
  • These findings offer insights into diseases associated with chromosomal abnormalities.