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Related Concept Videos

Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis. A pediatric clinical case report.

Dina Soriano1, Mariano Mendoza1, Jorgelina Vélez2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Español de Buenos Aires, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Archivos Argentinos De Pediatria
|April 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis (AIPHSE) can occur after herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. This case study shows successful treatment of AIPHSE in a child using immunomodulatory therapies, leading to symptom remission.

Keywords:
N-methyl-Daspartate receptor encephalitisautoimmune disorders of the nervous systemencephalitisherpes simpleximmunomodulators

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a severe neurological condition.
  • Autoimmune post-HSV encephalitis (AIPHSE) is an autoimmune complication following initial HSV infection.
  • AIPHSE presents with new or worsening neurological/psychiatric symptoms.

Observation:

  • A 5-year-old boy presented with symptoms consistent with AIPHSE.
  • The patient received both first- and second-line immunomodulatory treatments.
  • The child's condition was monitored throughout the treatment course.

Findings:

  • The immunomodulatory treatment course was adequate for the patient.
  • The patient experienced remission of AIPHSE symptoms.
  • This suggests the efficacy of immunomodulatory treatments in pediatric AIPHSE.

Implications:

  • AIPHSE is a distinct autoimmune entity requiring specific treatment strategies.
  • Immunomodulatory therapy is a viable and effective treatment for AIPHSE.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to favorable outcomes in pediatric AIPHSE cases.