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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Emerging Pathogenic Viral Infections of the Eye.

Ekta Rishi1, Joanne Thomas2, Tolulope Fashina1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; email: erishi@unmc.edu, tfashina@unmc.edu, syeh@unmc.edu.

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Summary

Emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19 and Ebola pose global health security threats. An ophthalmic approach is crucial for preparedness and managing disease outbreaks, including viral persistence in eye tissues.

Keywords:
COVID-19Ebola virus diseaseemerging infectious diseaseophthalmic manifestationsuveitisviral persistence

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Emerging infectious diseases, including COVID-19 and Ebola, present significant global health security challenges.
  • These outbreaks highlight the need for robust preparedness and disease management strategies.
  • Ophthalmic manifestations are common, and viral pathogens can persist in ocular tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize ophthalmic and systemic findings for high-priority emerging viral pathogens.
  • To review the epidemiology and therapeutics of these viruses.
  • To emphasize the role of ophthalmology in public health emergency response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of emerging viral pathogens.
  • Analysis of ophthalmic and systemic manifestations.
  • Summary of epidemiological data and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • A spectrum of ophthalmic conditions is associated with emerging viral diseases.
  • Emerging viruses can persist within ocular tissues, posing unique challenges.
  • Effective management requires a comprehensive understanding of both ocular and systemic impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Ophthalmology plays a vital role in the surveillance, diagnosis, and management of emerging infectious disease outbreaks.
  • Preparedness strategies must integrate ophthalmic considerations for a comprehensive public health response.
  • Further research into viral persistence and ophthalmic sequelae is warranted.