Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

64.2K
Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
64.2K
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

29.8K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
29.8K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

6.3K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
6.3K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

10.7K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
10.7K
Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

182
Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
182
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

51
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
51

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Benzoxaboroles Are Structurally Unique Binders of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Archaeal and eukaryotic MCM rings sequentially melt DNA for replication initiation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Snapshots of the dynamic basis of NTSR1 G protein subtype promiscuity.

Nature·2026
Same author

Benzoxaboroles are structurally unique binders of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Context-dependent translation inhibition as a cancer therapeutic modality.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Non-equilibrium snapshots of ligand efficacy at the μ-opioid receptor.

Nature·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria
08:34

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2021

6.8K

mRNA decoding in human is kinetically and structurally distinct from bacteria.

Mikael Holm1, S Kundhavai Natchiar1, Emily J Rundlet1,2

  • 1Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Nature
|April 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Human ribosomes achieve higher protein synthesis fidelity than bacteria through distinct kinetic and structural mechanisms. Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A and ribosome structural elements coordinate accurate aminoacyl-tRNA incorporation, impacting aging and disease.

More Related Videos

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
10:27

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

6.3K
Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides
09:42

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Published on: June 19, 2012

12.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 4, 2025

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria
08:34

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2021

6.8K
Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
10:27

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

6.3K
Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides
09:42

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Published on: June 19, 2012

12.4K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins by decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) using aminoacyl-tRNA substrates.
  • Bacterial systems primarily inform current understanding of ribosome decoding.
  • Eukaryotic ribosomes exhibit higher decoding fidelity than bacterial ribosomes, with implications for human health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular basis of human ribosome fidelity.
  • To compare the human ribosome decoding mechanism with that of bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule imaging
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM)

Main Results:

  • Human ribosome decoding is kinetically and structurally distinct from bacterial decoding.
  • The aminoacyl-tRNA movement pathway on the human ribosome is altered and significantly slower.
  • Eukaryote-specific structural elements in the human ribosome and eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) are crucial for fidelity.

Conclusions:

  • Human ribosomes achieve higher decoding fidelity through unique kinetic and structural features.
  • Distinct conformational changes in the ribosome and eEF1A regulate eukaryotic decoding accuracy.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers potential therapeutic targets for age-related diseases, viral infections, and cancer.