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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Electrical Conductivity

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In perfect conductors, the electric field inside is always zero due to the abundance of free electrons, which nullify any field by flowing. As a result, any residual charge resides on the surface.
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Challenges for fluoride superionic conductors: fundamentals, design, and applications.

Tsuyoshi Takami1, Chanachai Pattanathummasid1, Alex Kutana2

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Researchers are exploring fluoride-ion conductors for advanced batteries. Achieving high fluoride-ion conductivity at room temperature is key for next-generation solid-state fluoride-ion batteries (FIBs).

Keywords:
fluoride-ion batteriesfluoride-ion conductorsion diffusion

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state ionics
  • Materials science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Ionics, focusing on ion properties, significantly impacts modern technology, exemplified by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
  • Ionic conduction in solids involves ion flow driven by electrical or chemical gradients.
  • Certain solid ionic materials exhibit higher conductivity than liquids, attracting intensive research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fluoride-ion conductors as promising charge carriers for future fluoride-ion batteries (FIBs).
  • To explore the potential of fluoride ions as alternatives to lithium ions in next-generation batteries.
  • To identify challenges and future research directions for room-temperature solid-state FIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of fluoride-ion conductors.
  • Classification of materials based on type and form.
  • Analysis from experimental and theoretical physics viewpoints.

Main Results:

  • Fluoride ions are identified as highly promising charge carriers for post-lithium-ion battery technologies.
  • The review categorizes fluoride-ion conductors and discusses their properties.
  • Current understanding, challenges, and future prospects are outlined.

Conclusions:

  • Advancing fluoride-ion conductivity in solids to superionic levels at room temperature is crucial for practical all-solid-state FIBs.
  • Further research integrating experimental and theoretical physics is needed to optimize fluoride-ion conductor materials.
  • This work provides a roadmap for developing high-performance solid-state fluoride-ion batteries.