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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy. SP binds and activates...

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 4, 2025

Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo

Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo

Published on: July 20, 2019

Tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity.

Jasia Mahdi^1,2, Jorg Dietrich³, Karin Straathof⁴

¹Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Nature Medicine

|April 6, 2023

Summary

A novel toxicity syndrome, tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity (TIAN), is identified in patients receiving central nervous system (CNS) cancer immunotherapies. Standardized grading and management protocols are proposed to improve patient safety during these advanced treatments.

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Published on: February 17, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Immunotherapy
Cellular Therapy

Background:

Cancer immunotherapies, including CAR T-cell therapy, present unique toxicity profiles.
Established grading scales for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) improve safety in B cell malignancies.
A distinct neurotoxicity syndrome has been observed in patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors treated with cell therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To define and characterize a novel toxicity syndrome in CNS tumor immunotherapy, termed tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity (TIAN).
To propose a standardized grading scale and management strategies for TIAN.
To enhance the safe administration of cell therapies and other immunotherapies for CNS tumors.

Main Methods:

Observational analysis of patients treated with cell therapies for CNS tumors.
Definition and conceptualization of the TIAN syndrome, differentiating it from CRS and ICANS.
Development of a proposed grading scale and discussion of potential management approaches for TIAN.

Main Results:

Identification of a distinct neurotoxicity syndrome, TIAN, in patients with CNS tumors undergoing immunotherapy.
TIAN encompasses concepts like 'pseudoprogression' and is broader than inflammation-induced edema.
TIAN is relevant to both cellular therapies and other immunotherapies targeting CNS tumors.

Conclusions:

TIAN represents a significant toxicity syndrome in CNS tumor immunotherapy.
Standardized grading and management of TIAN are crucial for improving patient safety.
The proposed framework aims to standardize reporting and management of TIAN for better clinical outcomes.