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Updated: Aug 4, 2025
Application of Membrane and Cell Wall Selective Fluorescent Dyes for Live-Cell Imaging of Filamentous Fungi
Published on: November 28, 2019
Transport across Membranes: Techniques for Measuring Efflux in Fungal Cells
Brooke D Esquivel1, Theodore C White2
1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA. bdp3k9@mail.umkc.edu.
Abstract:
One of the most prevalent mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance is export of the molecule from the fungal cells through the action of putative efflux pumps or transporters. Drug efflux is a particularly common mechanism of resistance to azole antifungals, one of the most widely used classes of antifungal drugs. Here, we provide detailed protocols for two assays of small-molecule efflux activity: rhodamine 6G efflux and alanine-naphthylamide accumulation. Protocols applicable to both yeast and filamentous fungi are provided.
