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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Chemical reprogramming takes the fast lane.

Emily J Park1, Srikanth Kodali1, Bruno Di Stefano1

  • 1Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

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Summary

Chemical reprogramming efficiently converts somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells. This optimized chemical approach accelerates cell fate transitions, enabling new ways to study human cell identity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Cell fate transitions are typically inefficient and slow when induced by small molecules.
  • Understanding and controlling cell identity is crucial for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an optimized chemical reprogramming approach for robust and rapid conversion of somatic cells.
  • To enable efficient manipulation of human cell identity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized small molecules to induce cell fate transitions.
  • Optimized chemical cocktails and protocols for reprogramming.
  • Assessed efficiency and kinetics of cell conversion.

Main Results:

  • Achieved robust and rapid conversion of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Demonstrated significantly improved efficiency and kinetics compared to previous methods.
  • Successfully unlocked new avenues for studying and manipulating human cell identity.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized chemical reprogramming offers a powerful tool for generating iPSCs.
  • This method overcomes limitations of low efficiency and slow kinetics in cell fate transitions.
  • Facilitates future research in cell identity and therapeutic applications.