Graded BMP signaling within intestinal crypt architecture directs self-organization of the Wnt-secreting stem cell...

Signals from the surrounding niche drive proliferation and suppress differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) at the bottom of intestinal crypts. Among sub-epithelial support cells, deep sub-cryptal CD81⁺ PDGFRA^lo trophocytes capably sustain ISC functions ex vivo. Here, we show that mRNA and chromatin profiles of abundant CD81^- PDGFRA^lo mouse stromal cells resemble those of trophocytes and that both populations provide crucial canonical Wnt ligands. Mesenchymal expression of key ISC-supportive factors extends along a spatial and molecular continuum from trophocytes into peri-cryptal CD81^- CD55^hi cells, which mimic trophocyte activity in organoid co-cultures. Graded expression of essential niche factors is not cell-autonomous but dictated by the distance from bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-secreting PDGFRA^hi myofibroblast aggregates. BMP signaling inhibits ISC-trophic genes in PDGFRA^lo cells near high crypt tiers; that suppression is relieved in stromal cells near and below the crypt base, including trophocytes. Cell distances thus underlie a self-organized and polar ISC niche.