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Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
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Updated: Aug 3, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Migraine: from pathophysiology to treatment.

Francesca Puledda1, Elisa Martins Silva2, Kanokrat Suwanlaong3

  • 1Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) SLaM Clinical Research Facility at King's, Wellcome Foundation Building, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9PJ, UK.

Journal of Neurology
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Migraine pathophysiology involves complex neurobiology. Recent advances have led to novel treatments like gepants, ditans, and neuromodulation, improving clinical approaches.

Keywords:
CGRPMigraineNeuromodulationPathophysiologyTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Migraine is a common, disabling neurological disorder with complex neurobiology.
  • Understanding migraine pathophysiology has advanced significantly in recent years.
  • This has led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology are driving the development of effective treatments.
  • Novel therapies offer new hope for patients with this disabling condition.
  • A comprehensive approach integrating new and classic treatments is crucial for migraine management.