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Related Concept Videos

Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
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CO2 reactivity is associated with individual differences in appetitive extinction memory.

Marissa Raskin1, Cassidy Malone2, Emily N Hilz2

  • 1The University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Neuroscience, United States.

Physiology & Behavior
|April 9, 2023
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Summary

Behavioral carbon dioxide (CO2) reactivity predicts both fear and appetitive extinction memory. This CO2 reactivity may serve as a transdiagnostic screening tool for individuals suitable for exposure therapy.

Keywords:
Appetitive conditioningCO(2)ExtinctionIndividual differencesOrexin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Pavlovian conditioning underlies maladaptive behaviors in anxiety and addiction.
  • Extinction learning attenuates these behaviors but is prone to relapse.
  • The orexin system and CO2 challenges are implicated in extinction memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if CO2 reactivity predicts extinction memory for appetitive conditioning.
  • To determine if predictors of fear extinction also predict appetitive extinction.
  • To explore the potential of CO2 reactivity as a transdiagnostic screening tool.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral CO2 reactivity assessment.
  • Appetitive light-food conditioning paradigm.
  • Analysis of CO2 reactivity subcomponents predicting extinction memory.

Main Results:

  • A specific subcomponent of CO2 reactivity predicted appetitive extinction memory.
  • This predictor was also associated with fear extinction, but in the opposite direction.
  • The identified CO2 reactivity subcomponent demonstrated stability across repeated challenges.

Conclusions:

  • CO2 reactivity may be a stable trait influencing both fear and appetitive extinction.
  • Findings support the use of CO2 reactivity as a transdiagnostic screening tool for exposure therapy.
  • This research advances understanding of shared neurocircuitry in extinction memory.