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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays
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Classical and non-classical psychedelic drugs induce common network changes in human cortex.

Rui Dai1, Tony E Larkin2, Zirui Huang1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.

Neuroimage
|April 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Psychedelic drugs, including classical and non-classical types, alter brain network connectivity. These substances decrease within-network connections and increase between-network connections, offering insights into consciousness.

Keywords:
ConsciousnessCortexFunctional connectivityKetamineLSDNitrous oxidefMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The neurobiological underpinnings of psychedelic experiences remain incompletely understood.
  • Identifying shared neural mechanisms across diverse psychedelics can illuminate the nature of altered states of consciousness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate common functional brain network alterations induced by both classical and non-classical psychedelic substances.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into the neurobiology of psychedelic states.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from human participants.
  • Comparison of whole-brain functional connectivity before and during the administration of nitrous oxide, ketamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide.

Main Results:

  • All three psychedelics reduced within-network functional connectivity.
  • Enhanced between-network functional connectivity was observed across all tested substances.
  • Increased connectivity was noted between the right temporoparietal junction and intraparietal sulcus, and between the precuneus and left intraparietal sulcus.

Conclusions:

  • Classical and non-classical psychedelics converge on modulating specific brain networks.
  • These modulated networks, located in the posterior cortical 'hot zone,' are relevant for subjective conscious experience.
  • The findings suggest a biologically plausible neural correlate for the subjective effects of psychedelics.