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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Positive Spillovers from Negative Campaigning.

Vincenzo Galasso1, Tommaso Nannicini1, Salvatore Nunnari1

  • 1Bocconi University.

American Journal of Political Science
|April 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative political advertising in multi-candidate elections can backfire, benefiting uninvolved candidates. While not harming the target, negative ads hurt the attacker and boost a third-party candidate.

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Campaign Communication
  • Experimental Political Science

Background:

  • Negative advertising is prevalent in electoral campaigns, yet its effectiveness is debated.
  • Potential outcomes include reduced voter evaluation of the target or a backlash effect for the attacker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of negative advertising in multi-candidate electoral races.
  • To analyze the impact on the targeted candidate, the attacker, and uninvolved third parties.

Main Methods:

  • A large-scale field experiment was conducted during an Italian mayoral election.
  • A survey experiment in a fictitious mayoral campaign provided a controlled environment.

Main Results:

  • Negative ads had no significant impact on the targeted incumbent.
  • A sizable backlash effect was observed for the candidate employing negative advertising.
  • A strong, positive spillover effect benefited a third, uninvolved candidate.

Conclusions:

  • Negative advertising in multi-candidate races can unexpectedly benefit uninvolved candidates.
  • The attacker faces negative perceptions regarding cooperation, leadership, and extremism.
  • The findings challenge traditional assumptions about the strategic utility of negative campaign tactics.