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Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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High Initial Coulombic Efficiency Hard Carbon Anodes Enabled by Facile Surface Annealing Engineering.

Mingxia Deng^1,2, Wujie Dong^1,2, Fuqiang Huang^1,2,3

¹State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dingxi Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal

|April 10, 2023

Summary

Annealing hard carbon (HC) anodes removes lithium-trapping sites, significantly boosting initial Coulomb efficiency (ICE) from 61% to 90%. This facile strategy enhances HC anode performance for energy storage applications.

Keywords:

Annealing engineering hard carbon initial Coulomb efficiency surface functional groups

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Hard carbon (HC) anodes offer high capacity and rate performance for batteries.
Insufficient initial Coulomb efficiency (ICE) in HC anodes limits their practical application due to lithium-ion trapping sites.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a facile annealing engineering strategy to improve the ICE of HC anodes.
To systematically investigate the mechanism behind the ICE improvement.

Main Methods:

Annealing engineering of HC anodes.
Microstructural analysis to study the conversion of sp³ to sp² carbon.
Electrochemical performance testing to evaluate ICE.

Main Results:

Annealing pyrolyzes metastable O- and N-containing functional groups, reconstructing HC microstructure.
Irreversible lithium-ion adsorption is significantly reduced.
Optimized HC anode achieves an ultra-high ICE of 90%, a substantial increase from the initial 61%.

Conclusions:

The annealing process facilitates localized graphitization and reduces Li-trapping sites, enhancing HC anode ICE.
Environmental adsorption of H₂O and organic species contributes to irreversible Li-trapping sites in HC.
This work presents a facile strategy and novel insights for developing high ICE HC anodes.