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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

52
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

133.8K
Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

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Making ammonia from nitrogen and water microdroplets.

Xiaowei Song1, Chanbasha Basheer2, Richard N Zare1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed an eco-friendly method to synthesize ammonia (NH3) using water microdroplets and iron oxide. This novel gas-liquid-solid system achieves high conversion rates at room temperature, offering a low-cost nitrogen fixation strategy.

Keywords:
ammonia formationheterogeneous catalysiswater microdroplets

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) synthesis is crucial for agriculture and industry.
  • Traditional ammonia production methods are energy-intensive and rely on high temperatures and pressures.
  • Developing sustainable and efficient ammonia synthesis pathways is a key global challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel, low-cost, and eco-friendly method for ammonia synthesis.
  • To explore a gas-liquid-solid heterogeneous catalytic system for nitrogen fixation.
  • To determine the feasibility of using water microdroplets as a hydrogen source for ammonia production.

Main Methods:

  • Spraying water microdroplets onto a magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Nafion-coated graphite mesh using compressed N2 or air.
  • Utilizing a mass spectrometer to analyze the products of the reaction.
  • Operating the system at room temperature without external electric potential or irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of ammonia (NH3) in 0.2 ms.
  • Achieved a high conversion rate of 32.9 ± 1.38 nmol s-1 cm-2.
  • Identified hydrazine (H2NNH2) as a by-product, potentially an intermediate in ammonia formation.
  • Confirmed water microdroplets as the hydrogen source for N2 fixation.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, one-step, eco-friendly, and low-cost ammonia synthesis strategy has been demonstrated.
  • The gas-liquid-solid catalytic system offers a sustainable alternative to conventional ammonia production.
  • This method efficiently converts readily available materials into a valuable product, ammonia.