Japanese Encephalitis among Adults: A Review

Area of Science:

• Epidemiology
• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant mosquito-borne viral disease, primarily caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).
• Historically, JE predominantly affected children in endemic regions, with adults typically possessing natural immunity from prior exposure.
• Recent epidemiological shifts indicate a growing JE burden among adult populations globally.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes current literature on the changing epidemiology of JE.
• It examines factors contributing to increased adult JE cases, including geographic expansion of JEV.
• The review also analyzes the comparative clinical presentation and disease severity in adult versus pediatric populations.

Key Points:

• JEV has expanded into new territories, such as Australia, leading to frequent adult infections.
• Improved childhood immunization programs have reduced pediatric JE cases, making adult cases more prominent.
• Increased international travel to JE-endemic areas exposes non-immune adults to infection.

Conclusions:

• JE is emerging as a critical health concern for adults in various regions.
• Understanding the distinct clinical patterns and severity in adults is crucial for effective JE management.
• Public health strategies may need to adapt to address the growing impact of JE on adult populations.