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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

234
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
234
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

484
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
484
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

723
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
723
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

499
Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
499
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

368
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
368
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

448
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
448

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Focal evolution following apparent interictal period on scalp electroencephalography in generalized epilepsy: a three-case study.

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Differentiating non-epileptic seizures from epileptic seizures in Glut1 deficiency syndrome.

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A reappraisal of interictal EEG characteristics in self-limited epilepsy with autonomic seizures, formerly known as Panayiotopoulos syndrome or early-onset benign occipital epilepsy.

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Non-lesional late-onset epilepsy in the elderly Japanese patients: Presenting characteristics and seizure outcomes with regard to comorbid dementia.

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CUX2 deficiency causes facilitation of excitatory synaptic transmission onto hippocampus and increased seizure susceptibility to kainate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

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[Epilepsy in Children].

Hirokazu Oguni1

  • 1Epilepsy Center, TMG Asaka Medical Center.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|April 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Childhood epilepsy presents age-dependent syndromes, categorized by prognosis. Some forms are self-limited, while others become pharmacoresistant, leading to developmental epileptic encephalopathy and lifelong care needs.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Context:

  • Childhood epilepsy comprises distinct syndromes tied to developmental stages.
  • Syndromes are classified as self-limited with good prognosis or pharmacoresistant with poor prognosis.
  • Pharmacoresistant epilepsy often begins in infancy, progressing to developmental epileptic encephalopathy.

Purpose:

  • To delineate the characteristics and progression of age-dependent epilepsy syndromes in children.
  • To distinguish between prognostically different epilepsy categories.
  • To highlight the long-term care requirements for children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

Summary:

  • Epilepsy syndromes in children vary with age, falling into self-limited or pharmacoresistant categories.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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  • Pharmacoresistant epilepsy, despite lower prevalence, carries a poor prognosis and can lead to significant developmental disabilities.
  • Children with persistent pharmacoresistant epilepsy require ongoing, comprehensive medical care into adulthood.

    • Impact:

    • Improved understanding of epilepsy progression in pediatric populations.
    • Informed clinical management strategies for different childhood epilepsy syndromes.
    • Enhanced planning for lifelong care transitions for affected individuals.