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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
08:36

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Published on: April 11, 2025

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Multinomial Estimations of Predictive Risk Factors for Traumatic Brain Injuries.

Vladimir Rubinshteyn1, Vincent Giordano2, Douglas Cohen3

  • 1Trauma Surgery, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA.

Cureus
|April 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Blood thinner use and biological sex are significant risk factors for traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Men face higher risks for multiple cranial injuries, while blood thinner users are more prone to concussions and intracranial injuries.

Keywords:
injury mechanisminjury riskmajor traumamoderate/severe tbisex differencestraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) represent a significant public health concern, affecting millions annually with substantial mortality and morbidity.
  • Existing research suggests correlations between TBI and factors like sex, mechanism of injury, and anticoagulant use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and analyze aggravating risk factors for diverse types of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in Staten Island.
  • To investigate the predictive value of variables including mechanism of injury, seizure history, anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy, alcoholism, age, biological sex, alcohol level, and BMI.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of data from a level 1 trauma center (January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022).
  • Multinomial logistic regression was employed to calculate risk ratios (RRs) for various TBI categories.
  • Chi-squared tests were utilized to assess univariate associations between risk factors and TBI outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Blood thinner use significantly increases the risk of concussions (RRR: 1.82) and undiagnosed intracranial injuries (RRR: 1.90).
  • Male biological sex is associated with a higher risk of multiple cranial injuries (RRR: 3.62) and physical traumas like brain lacerations/hemorrhages (RRR: 2.81).
  • Patients not tested for alcohol showed a reduced risk for multiple TBIs (RRR: 0.08), concussions (RRR: 0.27), and physical brain traumas (RRR: 0.33). BMI demonstrated a negligible relationship with most TBI types.

Conclusions:

  • Biological sex and blood thinner usage are critical risk factors for specific TBI types.
  • Targeted injury prevention strategies are necessary, focusing on blood thinner users susceptible to concussions and at-risk men engaging in high-risk behaviors.
  • Further research and interventions, including fall precautions and targeted outreach for men, are vital for mitigating TBI incidence.