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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Iatrogenic Injury Recapitulated: Electroexcision Technique for Urethral Stricture Modeling in Rats

Iatrogenic Injury Recapitulated: Electroexcision Technique for Urethral Stricture Modeling in Rats

Published on: October 11, 2024

Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments.

Kaiguo Xia^1,2,3, Xudong Shen^1,2,3, Xiaojie Ang⁴

¹Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.

Expert Review of Medical Devices

|April 11, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface modification of ureteral stents reduces complications like infection and encrustation. Innovations in coated and drug-eluting stents offer improved patient outcomes and new treatment possibilities.

Keywords:

Ureteral stent complications development prospects functionalized coating urinary tract diseases

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Last Updated: Aug 3, 2025

Iatrogenic Injury Recapitulated: Electroexcision Technique for Urethral Stricture Modeling in Rats

Iatrogenic Injury Recapitulated: Electroexcision Technique for Urethral Stricture Modeling in Rats

Published on: October 11, 2024

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Published on: November 22, 2019

Surgical Model for Single-Staged Tissue-Engineered Urothelial Tubes in Minipigs

Surgical Model for Single-Staged Tissue-Engineered Urothelial Tubes in Minipigs

Published on: July 5, 2024

Area of Science:

Urology
Biomaterials Science
Medical Device Engineering

Background:

Ureteral stents are crucial in urology but cause complications such as hematuria, infection, and encrustation.
Surface modification techniques, including coatings and drug elution, aim to mitigate these issues.
These modifications enhance stent functionality and therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

Surface modification of ureteral stents holds significant clinical value.
Innovations in stent coatings and drug delivery systems are advancing urological care.
Further research into novel modifications can lead to enhanced stent performance and new therapeutic applications.