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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic arrest: causes and implications.

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Embryonic arrest significantly impacts IVF success by limiting euploid blastocysts. Understanding maternal gene mutations and biological pathways is crucial for improving assisted reproduction outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Embryonic arrest is a major factor limiting euploid blastocyst yield in in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  • Assisted reproduction outcomes are influenced by aneuploidy rates, ovarian response, and embryo developmental arrest.
  • Preimplantation embryonic development is critical for successful conception and requires precise genetic and metabolic regulation.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on factors contributing to preimplantation embryonic arrest.
  • It examines the role of maternal effect genes, particularly those encoding the subcortical maternal complex.
  • The review also explores the involvement of biological processes like mitochondrial unfolded protein response and long noncoding RNA pathways.

Key Points:

  • Mutations in maternal effect genes are implicated in human embryo developmental arrest.
  • Perturbations in mitochondrial function and noncoding RNA regulation may also contribute to arrest.
  • The precise contribution of these factors across different patient cohorts and age groups requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic arrest is a significant challenge in assisted reproduction, affecting the number of viable blastocysts.
  • While genetic and metabolic factors are implicated, the underlying mechanisms of human embryo developmental arrest are not fully understood.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms and improve IVF success rates.