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Updated: Aug 3, 2025
Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells
Published on: August 2, 2022
Prognostic assessment in patients operated for brain metastasis from systemic tumors
Bettina Grossenbacher1, Anna Lareida1, Selina Moors1
1Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Background:
Established models for prognostic assessment in patients with brain metastasis do not stratify for prior surgery. Here we tested the prognostic accuracy of the Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) score model in patients operated for BM and explored further prognostic factors.
Methods:
We included 285 patients operated for brain metastasis at the University Hospital Zurich in the analysis. Information on patient characteristics, imaging, staging, peri- and postoperative complications and survival were extracted from the files and integrated into a multivariate Cox hazard model.
Results:
The GPA score showed an association with outcome. We further identified residual tumor after surgery (p = 0.007, hazard ratio (HR) 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.3) steroid use (p = 0.021, HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6) and number of extracranial metastasis sites (p = 0.009, HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.6) at the time of surgery as independent prognostic factors. A trend was observed for postoperative infection of the subarachnoid space (p = 0.102, HR 3.5, 95% CI 0.8-15.7).
Conclusions:
We confirm the prognostic capacity of the GPA score in a cohort of operated patients with brain metastasis. However, extent of resection and steroid use provide additional aid for the prognostic assessment in these patients.
