Mitophagy in metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MS), a chronic and non-communicable pathological condition, is characterized by a constellation of clinical manifestations including insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, elevated blood pressure, and perturbations in lipid metabolism. The prevalence of MS has increased dramatically in both developed and developing countries and has now become a truly global problem. Excessive energy intake and concomitant obesity are the main drivers of this syndrome. Mitophagy, in which cells degrade damaged mitochondria through a selective form of autophagy, assumes a crucial position in the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and maintenance. Abnormal mitochondrial quality could result in a spectrum of pathological conditions related to metabolic dysfunction, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular ailments, and neoplasms. Recently, there has been a proliferation of research pertaining to the process of mitophagy in the context of MS, and there are various regulatory pathways in MS, including pathways like the ubiquitin-dependent mechanism and receptor-mediated mechanisms, among others. Furthermore, studies have uncovered that the process of mitophagy serves a defensive function in the advancement of Metabolic Syndrome, and inhibition of mitophagy exacerbates the advancement of MS. As a result, the regulation of mitophagy holds great promise as a therapeutic approach in the management of Metabolic Syndrome. In this comprehensive analysis, the authors present a synthesis of the diverse regulatory pathways involved in mitophagy in the context of Metabolic Syndrome, as well as its modes of action in metabolic disorders implicated in the development of MS, Including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), offering novel avenues for the prophylaxis and therapeutic management of MS.