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Related Concept Videos

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Overview
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more...
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Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction01:09

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Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.                                       ...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
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Mapping the Methanol-to-Gasoline Process Over Zeolite Beta.

Yiru Ye1, Edy Abou-Hamad2, Xuan Gong1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process for sustainable fuels. They discovered oxymethylene species significantly influence gasoline production, a key finding for optimizing this CO2-neutral fuel pathway.

Keywords:
Methanol-to-GasolineMethanol-to-HydrocarbonOperando StudyReaction MechanismZeolite

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis Science and Engineering
  • Sustainable Chemistry
  • Chemical Reaction Mechanisms

Background:

  • Decarbonizing the transportation sector is critical for climate change mitigation.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)-neutral fuels, like those from renewable methanol, offer a promising solution due to potential compatibility with existing powertrains.
  • The industrial application of the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process remains challenging, particularly in maximizing gasoline-range hydrocarbon production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the reaction mechanism of the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process over H-Beta and Zn-Beta zeolites.
  • To identify key intermediates and their roles in the formation of gasoline-range hydrocarbons.
  • To understand the factors limiting the industrial maturity of the MTG process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multimodal operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
  • Coupled spectroscopy with online mass spectrometry for real-time analysis.
  • Employed "mobility-dependent" solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for detailed mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Identified oxymethylene species as crucial co-catalysts in the MTG reaction.
  • Demonstrated a significant link between oxymethylene species and the formation of gasoline-range hydrocarbons.
  • Showed that oxymethylene species have a greater impact on the MTG process than previously considered carbonylated species.

Conclusions:

  • Oxymethylene species play a pivotal role in enhancing gasoline production within the MTG process.
  • Understanding the co-catalytic function of oxymethylene species is essential for optimizing the MTG reaction for sustainable fuel production.
  • These findings provide critical insights for advancing the industrial viability of methanol-to-gasoline conversion for decarbonizing transportation.