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Rehabilitation from neonatal hypothyroidism: spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, avoidance learning and
Abstract:
Long-Evans male rats were made hypothyroid from birth by the addition of 6-N-propylthiouracil (PTU) to their drinking water (0.1%). A group of animals was rehabilitated beginning at postnatal day 25 by withdrawal of the PTU from the drinking water. Subsequently, the rats were tested for a variety of behavioral tasks. Serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were determined by radioimmunoassay. At 50 days of age, PTU-treated rats had non-detectable levels of T4 but an eight-fold increase of TSH. In 50-day-old, neonatally hypothyroid but rehabilitated rats, serum TSH and T3 were normal, although T4 was still significantly lower. At 90 days of age, basal levels of TSH and thyroid hormones were normal in the rehabilitated rats, but thyroid hormone secretion in response to various types of neural stress was markedly altered. Comparison of passive avoidance learning revealed no significant alteration in the memory retention of either PTU-treated or rehabilitated animals. The 50-day-old, rehabilitated rats showed increased locomotor activity both in running-wheel and in hole-board tests; this hyperactivity, though markedly reduced, still persisted at day 90. In the early phase of rehabilitation (50 days of age), decreases in exploratory activity and lack of habituation occurred with the hole-board test; by the late phase of rehabilitation (90 days of age) these behavioral parameters had become normal. These results suggest generally longer periods of plasticity of the brain and better prospects for rehabilitation from neonatal cretinoid retardation than commonly believed. Specifically, the pituitary-thyroid system and neural mechanisms integrating adaptive behavior possess considerable capacity for spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism; certain types of altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses appear to be less amenable to rehabilitation or require longer periods for complete rehabilitation.