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Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Nervous System01:13

Organization of the Nervous System

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The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in our body. It is organized into two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS, comprising the brain and spinal cord, houses billions of neurons. The brain is housed in the skull, while the spinal cord is linked to the brain through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and is surrounded by the protective structure of the vertebral column. It is responsible for processing various...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
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Nervous System01:21

Nervous System

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The nervous system coordinates body functions through its complex network of nerve cells, enabling sensation and movement. It is divided into two primary parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain acts as the body's control center, processing sensory information and coordinating responses. The spinal cord functions as a major signaling pathway for the brain and the rest of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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What is a Nervous System?01:25

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Overview
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The Muscle Cuff Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for the Amplification of Intact Peripheral Nerve Signals
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MC4R in Central and Peripheral Systems.

Ran Wei1,2,3, Danjie Li1,2, Sheng Jia1,2

  • 1Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.

Advanced Biology
|April 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) is a key genetic factor in obesity and appetite disorders. This review explores MC4R's central and peripheral roles in metabolism, hormone balance, and potential drug development.

Keywords:
endocrinemelanocortin receptor-4metabolismobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Obesity is a major global health issue, exacerbated by the pandemic.
  • Melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) is a leading genetic cause of severe obesity and hyperphagia.
  • MC4R's role in central energy balance is known, but its peripheral functions are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central and peripheral roles of MC4R in energy metabolism.
  • To discuss MC4R's impact on endocrine hormone homeostasis.
  • To explore MC4R mutation phenotypes, signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on MC4R genetics and physiology.
  • Analysis of MC4R signaling pathways in both central and peripheral systems.
  • Compilation of data on MC4R mutation-associated phenotypes and drug development.

Main Results:

  • MC4R is implicated in regulating food intake and energy expenditure.
  • Evidence suggests MC4R expression and function in peripheral organs like the gut.
  • Distinct MC4R mutations lead to varied phenotypes and biased signaling.

Conclusions:

  • MC4R plays a critical role in both central and peripheral energy homeostasis.
  • Understanding MC4R's diverse functions is crucial for addressing obesity and related disorders.
  • Targeting MC4R presents a promising avenue for novel obesity therapeutics.