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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways Associated with DNA Damage Responses.

Tsutomu Shimura1

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako 351-0197, Saitama, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 13, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria signal to cells during stress, influencing health and disease. This review covers mitochondrial signaling in DNA damage, radiation effects, and potential protective strategies.

Keywords:
DNA damage responseinflammation responsemitochondrial signalingoxidative stressradiation carcinogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Signaling Pathways

Background:

  • Mitochondria function as signaling platforms under physiological and stress conditions.
  • Mitochondrial components like ATP, reactive oxygen species, and cytochrome C act as crucial messengers.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in various cellular processes including apoptosis, senescence, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize mitochondrial signaling in response to DNA damage.
  • To discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in radiation carcinogenesis.
  • To present recent findings on radiation-induced mitochondrial signaling and radioprotective agents.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms (fusion, fission, mitophagy).
  • Discussion of the impact of damaged mitochondria releasing cytoplasmic contents.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial signaling is critical for cellular communication and response to stress.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
  • Radiation affects mitochondrial signaling, with potential for radioprotective interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial signaling is a key determinant of cellular fate under stress and damage.
  • Understanding radiation's effect on mitochondria is vital for assessing human health risks.
  • Targeting mitochondria offers potential therapeutic strategies for radiation protection.