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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination01:23

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When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Bioavailability: Overview01:13

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells
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The Molecular Basis for Zinc Bioavailability.

Andrew G Hall1,2, Janet C King1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zinc deficiency is common globally. This review explores the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability, covering its availability, absorption, transport, and utilization for better understanding and addressing deficiency.

Keywords:
absorptionalbuminbioavailabilitycalciumironmetallothioneinphytateproteinzinc

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Human Nutrition
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Zinc is an essential micronutrient vital for numerous bodily functions.
  • Zinc deficiency is a widespread global health issue with significant underestimation of its prevalence.
  • Current understanding of zinc's molecular roles is advancing, yet its bioavailability remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate molecular biology and bioavailability concepts of zinc.
  • To focus on the molecular determinants influencing zinc's journey from diet to cellular utilization.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization of zinc.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing recent advances in zinc molecular biology.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on molecular mechanisms of zinc absorption and transport.
  • Integration of data on dietary zinc bioavailability and its impact on zinc utilization.

Main Results:

  • Recent research has elucidated zinc's complex chemistry and diverse molecular functions.
  • Key molecular determinants governing zinc's luminal availability and absorption have been identified.
  • Understanding these molecular factors is crucial for optimizing zinc utilization in the body.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability is essential for addressing widespread zinc deficiency.
  • This review highlights the critical molecular checkpoints from dietary intake to cellular zinc-dependent processes.
  • Further research into these molecular determinants can inform strategies to improve zinc status globally.