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Cognitive Decline in Early and Premature Menopause
Marta Sochocka1, Julia Karska2, Magdalena Pszczołowska2
1Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 13, 2023
Summary
Early menopause (premature ovarian insufficiency) significantly increases risks for cognitive decline and dementia due to estrogen reduction. Hormone therapy may offer a protective window for brain health.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Endocrinology
- Gerontology
Background:
- Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), or early menopause before age 40, affects 1% of women.
- POI is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, depression, and cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- Female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, possess neuroprotective and anti-aging properties crucial for cognitive function.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the impact of early and premature menopause on cognitive decline.
- To explore the neuroprotective role of estrogen and the consequences of its premature reduction.
- To discuss the potential benefits of menopausal hormone therapy for cognitive health.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of experimental and epidemiological studies.
- Analysis of the effects of estrogen reduction on the central nervous system (CNS).
- Examination of comorbidities associated with premature menopause and cognitive impairment.
Main Results:
- Cognitive complaints are more frequent during menopause due to decreased estrogen levels.
- Estrogen deficiency in POI increases the risk of cognitive disorders, dementia (e.g., AD), and other health issues.
- Estrogens appear to prevent cognitive deficits related to cholinergic pathways.
Conclusions:
- Premature menopause significantly impacts CNS function, leading to cognitive impairment or dementia.
- Menopausal hormone therapy until age 60 may mitigate the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.
- Multidisciplinary care is essential for women with POI to maintain mental health.
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