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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 3, 2025

A Rapid In Vivo Bioassay for Developmentally Active Enhancers
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LPS Administration during Fertilization Affects Epigenetic Inheritance during Embryonic Development.

Sangwoo Kim1, Erina Yoneda1, Kisaki Tomita1

  • 1Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|April 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during fertilization impacts embryonic development and late-stage fetal growth. This endotoxin exposure can disrupt pregnancy outcomes and potentially influence epigenetic inheritance.

Keywords:
LPSembryoendotoxininfertilityinflammatory

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Intrauterine inflammation, often involving lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, is linked to infertility.
  • The long-term consequences of maternal LPS exposure on mammalian pregnancy, particularly following fertilization, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of LPS on early embryonic and subsequent fetal development in a mouse model.
  • To analyze the impact of LPS exposure during in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vivo on reproductive parameters and offspring development.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were exposed to varying concentrations of LPS (100, 200, 1000 µg/kg).
  • Gene expression of inflammatory markers (Il-1β, Il-6) in uterine tissues was assessed.
  • Embryonic development rates were evaluated after LPS exposure during IVF.
  • Placental and fetal parameters (weight, crown-rump length) were measured following in vivo LPS administration.

Main Results:

  • LPS administration increased uterine expression of Il-1β and Il-6.
  • In vitro fertilization with LPS significantly reduced embryonic developmental rates.
  • Low-dose LPS (100 µg/kg) increased placental weight and fetal crown-rump length.
  • Higher-dose LPS (200 µg/kg) decreased placental weight and fetal weight in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal LPS exposure during fertilization has lasting effects on fetal development, extending to late pregnancy stages.
  • Endotoxins may play a role in epigenetic inheritance, influencing embryonic development from early to late gestation.