Mapping Topsoil Total Nitrogen Using Random Forest and Modified Regression Kriging in Agricultural Areas of Central...

Accurate understanding of spatial distribution and variability of soil total nitrogen (TN) is critical for the site-specific nitrogen management. Based on 4337 newly obtained soil observations and 33 covariates, this study applied the random forest (RF) algorithm and modified regression kriging (RF combined with residual kriging: RFK, hereafter) model to spatially predict and map topsoil TN content in agricultural areas of Henan Province, central China. According to the RFK prediction, topsoil TN content ranged from 0.52 to 1.81 g kg^-1, and the farmland with the topsoil TN contents of 1.00-1.23 g kg^-1 and 0.80-1.23 g kg^-1 accounted for 48.2% and 81.2% of the total farmland area, respectively. Spatially, the topsoil TN in the study area was generally higher in the west and lower in the east. By using the Boruta variable selection algorithm, soil organic matter (SOM) and available potassium contents in topsoil, nitrogen deposition, average annual precipitation, livestock discharges, and topsoil pH were identified as the main factors driving the spatial distribution and variation of soil TN in the study area. The RF and RFK models used showed the expected performance and achieved acceptable TN prediction accuracy. In comparison, RFK performed slightly better than the RF model. The R² and RMSE achieved by the RFK model were improved by 4.5% and 4.5%, respectively, compared with that by the RF model. However, the results suggest that RFK was inferior to the RF model in quantifying prediction uncertainty and thus may have a slight disadvantage in model reliability.