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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

Hypertension I: Introduction

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Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
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Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Alterations in Blood Pressure01:30

Alterations in Blood Pressure

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Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension V: Nursing Management01:23

Hypertension V: Nursing Management

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The nursing management of hypertension involves accurately assessing symptoms, making a comprehensive nursing diagnosis, collaborating with patients to set goals, and implementing targeted interventions to mitigate the condition's impact and improve patient well-being.Comprehensive AssessmentThe initial step in nursing care for hypertension involves a thorough patient assessment. It includes evaluating symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and previous hypertension episodes.
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Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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Primary and secondary paediatric hypertension.

Pier Paolo Bassareo1, Giuseppe Calcaterra2, Jolanda Sabatino3

  • 1University College of Dublin, School of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.

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Pediatric hypertension, or high blood pressure in children, is increasingly common, with primary hypertension being the most frequent type. Management focuses on lifestyle changes before considering medication.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Hypertension Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • High blood pressure (hypertension) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases.
  • Hypertension is now recognized as a condition that can begin in childhood, affecting 5-10% of children and adolescents.
  • Primary hypertension is more prevalent in pediatric populations than secondary hypertension.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current understanding of pediatric hypertension, examining diagnostic criteria and management strategies.
  • It highlights discrepancies in guidelines from major pediatric and cardiology societies (e.g., AAP, ESH, ESC).
  • The review discusses the challenges in diagnosing and managing hypertension in obese children and syndromic pediatric populations.

Key Points:

  • Significant variations exist in blood pressure cut-offs for identifying pediatric hypertension among different international guidelines.
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics' exclusion of obese children from new normative data is a point of concern.
  • Lifestyle modifications (weight loss, reduced salt intake, increased aerobic exercise) are primary treatment recommendations for non-responsive cases.

Conclusions:

  • Secondary hypertension in children can arise from conditions like aortic coarctation and chronic renal disease, even after corrective surgery.
  • Syndromic conditions such as Williams syndrome can lead to hypertension due to generalized aortopathy and arterial stiffness.
  • A comprehensive understanding of both primary and secondary pediatric hypertension is crucial for effective management and prevention of long-term complications.