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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Coacervates Forming Coexisting Phases on a Mineral Surface.

Jiaxin Chen1, Qingwen Bai1, Yanzhang Li2

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|April 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Mineral surfaces influence the formation of early protocell models. Charged muscovite surfaces promote phase separation in coacervates, suggesting minerals drive protocell evolution and structure on early Earth.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrobiology
  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Minerals are implicated in the chemical evolution leading to biopolymers.
  • The role of minerals in protocell formation and evolution on early Earth remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of mineral surfaces on the phase separation of protocell models.
  • To understand how mineral-surface interactions affect the organization of early life precursors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a protocell model composed of quaternized dextran (Q-dextran) and single-stranded oligonucleotides (ss-oligo).
  • Studied coacervate phase separation on muscovite surfaces with varying charges (negative, neutral, positive) achieved through Q-dextran treatment.
  • Observed coacervate behavior on naked and pretreated muscovite surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Uniform coacervates formed on naked and neutral muscovite surfaces.
  • Biphasic coacervates, with distinct Q-dextran-rich and ss-oligo-rich phases, formed on positively or negatively charged muscovite surfaces.
  • Phase evolution resulted from component redistribution upon coacervate-surface contact.

Conclusions:

  • Mineral surfaces can significantly influence the phase behavior of protocell models.
  • Charged mineral surfaces can drive the formation of hierarchical structures within protocells.
  • Mineral-surface interactions represent a potential mechanism for the development of functional protocells on prebiotic Earth.