Cardiac disturbances and changes in tissue cytokine levels in mice fed with a high-refined carbohydrate diet

The consumption of highly refined carbohydrates increases systemic inflammatory markers, but its potential to exert direct myocardial inflammation is uncertain. Herein, we addressed the impact of a high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet on mice heart and local inflammation over time.

BALB/c mice were fed with a standard chow (control) or an isocaloric HC diet for 2, 4, or 8 weeks (HC groups), in which the morphometry of heart sections and contractile analyses by invasive catheterization and Langendorff-perfused hearts were assessed. Cytokines levels by ELISA, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by zymography, in situ reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining and lipid peroxidation-induced TBARS levels, were also determined.

HC diet fed mice displayed left ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in all times analyzed, which was confirmed by echocardiographic analyses of 8HC group. Impaired contractility indices of HC groups were observed by left ventricular catheterization, whereas ex vivo and in vitro indices of contraction under isoprenaline-stimulation were higher in HC-fed mice compared with controls. Peak levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, ROS, TBARS, and MMP-2 occur independently of HC diet time. However, a long-lasting local reduction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found, which was linearly correlated to the decline of systolic function in vivo.

Altogether, the results indicate that short-term consumption of HC diet negatively impacts the balance of anti-inflammatory defenses and proinflammatory/profibrotic mediators in the heart, which can contribute to HC diet-induced morphofunctional cardiac alterations.