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Related Concept Videos

Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

47
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
47
Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

28.9K
Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

50
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
50
Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

39
Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
39
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

8.1K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
8.1K
Transposons01:24

Transposons

71
Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
71

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: March 10, 2017

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Horizontal gene transfer among host-associated microbes.

Jorge Moura de Sousa1, Marta Lourenço2, Isabel Gordo3

  • 1Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Paris, 75015 Paris, France.

Cell Host & Microbe
|April 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Horizontal gene transfer drives bacterial evolution and antibiotic resistance spread in microbiomes. New research integrates computational and experimental methods to better understand these genetic exchanges in host-associated environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a significant evolutionary mechanism.
  • HGT is prevalent in host-associated microbiomes, influencing bacterial diversity.
  • Genetic exchanges accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding HGT mechanisms.
  • To explore the ecological interactions between bacteria and mobile genetic elements.
  • To examine the impact of host physiology on HGT rates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Discussion of challenges in in vivo detection and quantification of HGT.
  • Emphasis on integrating computational, theoretical, and experimental approaches.

Main Results:

  • Extended knowledge of HGT mechanisms and ecological complexities.
  • Identified host physiology as a factor influencing HGT rates.
  • Progress in overcoming challenges in detecting and quantifying HGT in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Novel computational and theoretical models are crucial for studying HGT.
  • Experimental methods combined with modeling enhance understanding of HGT in complex environments.
  • Further research integrating diverse approaches is needed to fully elucidate HGT in host-associated settings.