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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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The Hypoglossal Nerve.

Rangel de Sousa Costa1, Nina Ventura1, Tomás de Andrade Lourenção Freddi2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neuroradiology, Clínica Felippe Mattoso, Grupo Fleury, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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The hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial nerve) controls tongue movement. Imaging like MRI is key for diagnosing hypoglossal nerve palsy, with tumors being a common cause.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroanatomy
  • Neuroradiology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is a motor nerve crucial for tongue function, innervating intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, plus the geniohyoid muscle.
  • Clinical presentation of hypoglossal nerve palsy necessitates accurate diagnostic imaging for etiology determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the detailed anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve.
  • To discuss optimal imaging modalities for evaluating the hypoglossal nerve and associated pathologies.
  • To illustrate the imaging features of common diseases affecting the hypoglossal nerve.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical landmarks and pathways of the hypoglossal nerve.
  • Emphasis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques, particularly heavily T2-weighted sequences (FIESTA, CISS).
  • Discussion of Computed Tomography (CT) for evaluating bony structures like the hypoglossal canal.

Main Results:

  • MRI is the primary imaging modality for hypoglossal nerve palsy.
  • Specific MRI sequences enhance visualization of the nerve.
  • Neoplasia is the most frequent cause of hypoglossal nerve palsy, though vascular, inflammatory, infectious, and traumatic etiologies also occur.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding hypoglossal nerve anatomy is fundamental for interpreting imaging findings.
  • Advanced MRI techniques are essential for diagnosing hypoglossal nerve pathologies.
  • A comprehensive approach integrating imaging and clinical data is vital for managing hypoglossal nerve palsy.