Study of a constrained finite element elbow prosthesis: the influence of the implant placement

The functional results of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) are controversial and the medium- to long-term revision rates are relatively high. The aim of the present study was to analyze the stresses of TEA in its classic configuration, identify the areas of greatest stress in the prosthesis-bone-cement interface, and evaluate the most wearing working conditions.

By means of a reverse engineering process and using a 3D laser scanner, CAD (computer-aided drafting) models of a constrained elbow prosthesis were acquired. These CAD models were developed and their elastic properties, resistance, and stresses were studied through finite element analysis (finite element method-FEM). The obtained 3D elbow-prosthesis model was then evaluated in cyclic flexion-extension movements (> 10 million cycles). We highlighted the configuration of the angle at which the highest stresses and the areas most at risk of implant mobilization develop. Finally, we performed a quantitative study of the stress state after varying the positioning of the stem of the ulnar component in the sagittal plane by ± 3°.

The greatest von Mises stress state in the bone component for the 90° working configuration was 3.1635 MPa, which occurred in the most proximal portion of the humeral blade and in the proximal middle third of the shaft. At the ulnar level, peaks of 4.1763 MPa were recorded at the proximal coronoid/metaepiphysis level. The minimum elastic resistance and therefore the greatest stress states were recorded in the bone region at the apex of the ulnar stem (0.001967 MPa). The results of the analysis for the working configurations at 0° and 145° showed significant reductions in the stress states for both prosthetic components; similarly, varying the positioning of the ulnar component at 90° (- 3° in the sagittal plane, 0° in the frontal plane) resulted in better working conditions with a greater resulting developed force and a lower stress peak in the ulnar cement.

The areas of greatest stress occur in specific regions of the ulnar and humeral components at the bone-cement-prosthesis interface. The heaviest configuration in terms of stresses was when the elbow was flexed at 90°. Variations in the positioning in the sagittal plane can mechanically affect the movement, possibly resulting in longer survival of the implant.