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    Area of Science:

    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Computer Vision
    • Cybersecurity

    Background:

    • Adversarial examples pose a significant threat to deep neural networks.
    • Existing transferable adversarial attacks often fail against black-box defense models, masking the true threat.
    • Current attacks are limited by data-dependency and network-overfitting.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel transferable attack capable of defeating diverse black-box defenses.
    • To address the limitations of data-dependency and network-overfitting in adversarial attacks.
    • To highlight the security vulnerabilities in current robust deep learning models.

    Main Methods:

    • Data Erosion: Identifies special augmentation data that behaves consistently across vanilla and defense models.
    • Network Erosion: Extends a single surrogate model into a diverse ensemble to enhance attack transferability.
    • Erosion Attack (EA): Integrates both Data and Network Erosion methods for superior attack transferability.

    Main Results:

    • Empirical evaluations demonstrate EA's superiority over existing transferable attacks.
    • EA effectively defeats a wide range of black-box defenses.
    • The study reveals significant security limitations in current robust models.

    Conclusions:

    • Erosion Attack (EA) presents a potent method for generating transferable adversarial examples.
    • The proposed methods effectively mitigate data-dependency and network-overfitting issues.
    • EA underscores the persistent and substantial threat adversarial examples pose to deep learning security.