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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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An integrated watershed-scale framework to model nitrogen transport and transformations.

Han Qiu1, Jie Niu2, Dean G Baas3

  • 1Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.

The Science of the Total Environment
|April 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Excess nitrogen causes water pollution. A new model shows rivers removed 6% of nitrogen input, with groundwater contributing 18.5% to river nitrogen export in the Kalamazoo River watershed.

Keywords:
Environmental reaction and transport modelingNitrogen fate and transport modelingNutrient transport in watershedWatershed modeling

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Author Spotlight: Understanding Riverine Nitrogen Impacts and Primary Productivity for Effective Nutrient Management
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Excess nitrogen in water bodies leads to hypoxia and eutrophication.
  • Nitrogen transport is influenced by anthropogenic activities and watershed characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a process-oriented nitrogen model to simulate coupled hydrologic, thermal, and nutrient processes.
  • To quantify the impacts of human activities on riverine nitrogen export.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a process-oriented nitrogen model using the PAWS (Process-based Adaptive Watershed Simulator) framework.
  • Modeled nitrogen transport and transformations across multiple hydrologic domains (streams, groundwater, soil water) in the Kalamazoo River watershed.
  • Incorporated multiple nitrogen sources and processes, including fertilizer application, point sources, and atmospheric deposition.

Main Results:

  • The river network removed approximately 5.96% of total anthropogenic nitrogen input.
  • Riverine nitrogen export accounted for 29.22% of total anthropogenic inputs (2004-2009).
  • Groundwater contributed 18.53% to river nitrogen export during the same period.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model effectively simulates nitrogen budgets and quantifies human impacts on riverine nitrogen export.
  • The river network plays a role in nitrogen removal, but significant amounts are exported.
  • Groundwater is a crucial pathway for nitrogen transport to rivers within the watershed.