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Updated: Aug 2, 2025

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
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UBC Neck C4-C5: An Anatomically and Biomechanically Accurate Surrogate C4-C5 Functional Spinal Unit.

G Fonseca1,2, P Vakiel1,2,3, P A Cripton4,5

  • 1Orthopaedic and Injury Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering and Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|April 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new anatomically correct C4-C5 functional spinal unit (FSU) to improve head and neck injury protection. This biofidelic surrogate neck provides repeatable responses for evaluating safety devices in various settings.

Keywords:
Anthropomorphic test deviceCervical spineFunctional spinal unitHelmet testingSpine biomechanicsSurrogate neck

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and injury prevention research.
  • Development of anthropometric test devices (ATDs) for safety evaluations.

Background:

  • Millions suffer from spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) annually.
  • Current safety devices lack adequate neck surrogates for multiplane loading scenarios.
  • Existing anthropometric test devices (ATDs) require improved neck components for realistic injury simulation.

Observation:

  • Anatomically accurate C4-C5 vertebrae were 3D printed from CT scan data.
  • Surrogate intervertebral disc and ligament materials were selected based on mechanical testing.
  • The assembled UBC Neck C4-C5 functional spinal unit (FSU) underwent multiplane motion testing.

Findings:

  • The surrogate disc demonstrated excellent biofidelity in compression (ISO/TR 9790).
  • Surrogate ligaments exhibited stiffness within 25 N/mm of cadaveric ranges.
  • The UBC Neck C4-C5 FSU achieved good biofidelity ratings for quasistatic axial rotation, lateral bending, flexion-extension, and coupled motions.

Implications:

  • This biofidelic C4-C5 FSU is a critical step towards an omnidirectional surrogate neck.
  • The developed surrogate neck will enhance the evaluation of safety devices in transportation, occupational, and sports environments.
  • Future research will focus on constructing a full surrogate neck for comprehensive head and neck safety equipment testing.